1) Which mediator can lead to systemic inflammation?

a) Interferon alpha

b) Interferon gamma

c) Interleukin 10

d) Tumour Necrosis factor alpha

2) Which of the following cell types mediates adaptive immune responses?

a) Dendritic cell

b) Lymphocyte

c) Macrophage

d) Natural Killer cell

3) Which of the following is a secondary lymphoid organ?

a) Bone marrow

b) Hypothalamus

c) Spleen

d) Thymus

4) What type of vaccine is used to protect vulnerable individuals from influenza?

a) It is an example of a subunit vaccine

b) It is an example of a live attenuated vaccine

c) It is an example of passive immunisation

d) It is an example of a recombinant vaccine

5) . Which of the following is responsible for secondary immune responses?

a) Mediated by naïve lymphocytes

b) Mediated by memory lymphocytes

c) Mediated by effector lymphocytes

d) Mediated by antibodies

6) Which of the following best describes a primary immune response?

a) 10-100 fold increase in specific IgG after 2-3 days

b) Small increase in specific IgG after 7-10 days

c) 10-100 fold increase in specific IgM after 2-3 days

d) Small increase in specific IgM after 7-10 days

The fixation of compliment by an antigen -antibody reaction can lead to
🪴formation of a factor chemotactic for mononuclear cells
🪴enhanced phagocytosis
🪴activation of T-cells
🪴increased synthesis of antibody

Human IgM
🪴crosses the placenta
🪴consists of 3 subunits linked together by a J chain
🪴protects mucosal surface
🪴is largely restricted to the circulation.

9) Allotypes are

A. antigenic determinants which segregate within a species

B. critical to the function of the antibody combining state

C. involved in specificity

D. involved in memory

On the first exposure to antigen, a primary immune response develops resulting in production of
🪴IgG molecules
🪴IgA molecules
🪴IgB molecules
🪴IgM molecules

When natural killer cells are activated, the substance they secrete is
🪴gamma interferon(IFNr)
🪴histamine
🪴serotonin
🪴alpha-globulins

.The process of making a microbe easier to phagocytose is called.
🪴vaccination
🪴opsonization
🪴localization
🪴degranulation

The smallest unit of antigen to which an antibody or cell can bind.
🪴collectin
🪴peptide antibiotics
🪴megakaryocytes
🪴epitopes

.molecules which can stimulate an immune response.
🪴monocytes
🪴immunogens
🪴epitopes
🪴polymorpho nuclear cells

which type of cell give rise to humoral immunity?
🪴B cells
🪴T cells
🪴lymphocytes
🪴cytokines

The first line defense agaist infection are
🪴Adaptive immune system
🪴Cytokines
🪴Innate immune system
🪴chemokines

Algal viruses are known as
A. Binal virus
B. Cyaniphages
C. Mycophages
D. Phycophages

Which of the following is the largest virus
A. Penicillium virus
B. Wound tumour virus
C. Pox virus
D. None of these

Caulimo virus are a group of virus which have
A. Double stranded RNA
B . Single stranded RNA
C. Single stranded DNA
D. Double stranded DNA

Nagler's reaction is useful for the identification of which bacteria
A. Tetani
B. Perfringens
C. Botulinum

20) D. None of the above

Which of the following bacteria is not gram positive
A. Staphylococci
B. Pseudomonas
C. Mycobacterium
D. None of these

The difference between gram positive and negative bacteria lies in their
A. Cell wall
B.cell membrane
C.Nuclear material
D. Mesosomes

Anthrax vaccines for use in animals were first developed in:
A) 1880
B) 1881
C) 1882
D) 1883

Which of the following barriers are considered to be the first line of defence in our body?
a) Physical and Physiological barriers
b) Physiological and Cellular barriers
c) Cellular and Cytokine barriers
d) Physical and Cellular barriers

. Which of the following barriers does not come under innate immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Physiological barrier
c) Complex barrier
d) Cellular barrier